Results: Plant-derived natural products ginseng and sauchinone reduced METH-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference and neurological disorder. acid and barakol. Conclusion: Based on the current study, some natural products such as ginseng and levo-tetrahydropalmatine are promising candidates to treat METH abuse and poisoning. However, clinical trials are needed to confirm these obtaining. and clinical studies (Mantsch et al., 2007 ?; Wang et al., 2010b ?; Wen et al., 2014 ?; Yang et al., 2008 ?) The aim of this review article is usually to explore and identify the role of herbal-based medicines in the treatment of METH abuse and toxicity. Materials and Methods We performed a non-systematic literature review from several databases including Scopus, PubMed and EMBASE. We searched the literature without time restriction. Searches were conducted using the keywords Dependency, Herb, Methamphetamine, Toxicity, poison, natural and extract. More than 300 articles were found and 42 related articles were added. No human studies such as case reports or clinical trials, were found. Results Ginseng Ginseng is usually a perennial herb with fleshy roots that belongs to the Araliaceae family. This popular herb grows widely in America and more tropical areas, especially, east of Asia and oriental countries. Over many years, in traditional medicine, ginseng roots have been used as Fosfructose trisodium anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, antianxiety, anti-fatigue, anti-depressant, and memory enhancer, and for improvement of physical and sexual activities (Lacaille-Dubois and Wagner, 1996 ?). Ginseng prevented the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in rodents (Kim et al., 2005 ?; Tokuyama and Takahashi, 2001 ?). It also reduced morphine-, cocaine-, and METH-induced RT (Tokuyama and Takahashi, 2001 ?). In addition, ginseng reduced METH- and cocaine-induced hyperstimulation even after 30 days of discontinuation (Tokuyama et al., 1996 ?). In recent years, scientists have investigated the ability of secondary metabolites from ginseng to Fosfructose trisodium ameliorate the METH adverse effect (Table 1). Table 1 Summarized effects of ginseng on methamphetamine adverse effects. All experiences were performed in mice Kim (Kim et al.)RTGTS (100 or 200 mg/kg, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg) other dayReduced by 200 mg/kg GTS but not by 100 mg/Kg GTSDRS hypothermic response to AP24 hours after RT received AP (1 mg/ kg) repeated every 30 min (4 mg/kg)Inhibited by 200 mg/kg GTS, but not by 100 mg/kg GTSEnhanced ambulatory activity of AP Reduced by 200 mg/kg GTS but not by 100 mg/Kg GTSKim (Kim et al., 1996 ?)MIHGTS (100 or 200 mg/kg, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg) Reduced by 200 mg/kg GTS but not by 100 mg/Kg GTSCPPGTS (50 or 100 mg/kg, IP, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg) Reduced by 100 mg/kg GTS but not by 50 mg/Kg GTSDRS24 hours after CPP received AP (2 mg/kg, SC)Reduced by 100 mg/kg GTS but not by 50 mg/Kg GTSAP induced climbing behavior GTS (50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP, PrT) + AP (2 mg/kg)Reduced by 200 and 100 mg/kg GTS but not by 50 mg/Kg GTSOh (Oh et al., 1997 ?)Strial DA, DOPAC, HVA GTS (50 and 100 mg/kg, IP, PrT, 2 times) + METH (10 mg/kg, 4 times)Restored catecholamines depletion, 100 mg/kg was more potent than 50 mg/kgKim (Kim et al., 1998 ?)MIHRb1 or Rg1 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, IP, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg IP)Reduced by 100 and 200 mg/kg; not by 50 mg/kg CPPRb1 or Rg1 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, IP, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg IP)Reduced by 100 mg/kg; not by lower dosesDRS24 hours after CPP received AP (2 mg/ kg) Reduced by 100 mg/kg ; not by lower doses Open in a separate window AP=apomorphine, CPP=conditional place performance, DA=dopamine, DOPAC=3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, GTS=ginseng total saponin, HVA=homovanillinic acid, METH=methamphetamine, MIH=methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, PrT=pretreatment, and RT=reverence tolerance. Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11) is an ocotillol-type saponin found in extract inhibited development of RT and reappearance of behavioral sensitization to METH and cocaine, which are known as common effects of psychostimulants (Kim et al., 2005 ?). Active compounds of ginseng have also shown comparable effects. For example, it was exhibited that ginseng total saponin (GTS) inhibited METH-induced hyperlocomotion, CPP and RT, in rats and mice (Kim et al., 2005 ?; Kim et al., 1996 ?; Tokuyama and Takahashi, 2001.In addition, ginseng reduced METH- and cocaine-induced hyperstimulation even after 30 days of discontinuation (Tokuyama et al., 1996 ?). resveratrol, chlorogenic acid and barakol. Conclusion: Based on the current study, some natural products such as ginseng and levo-tetrahydropalmatine are promising candidates to treat METH abuse and poisoning. However, clinical trials are needed to confirm these obtaining. and clinical studies (Mantsch et al., 2007 ?; Wang Rabbit Polyclonal to MSK2 et al., 2010b ?; Wen et al., 2014 ?; Yang et al., 2008 ?) The aim of this review article is usually to explore and identify the role of herbal-based medicines in the treatment of METH abuse and toxicity. Materials and Methods We performed a non-systematic literature review from several databases including Scopus, PubMed and EMBASE. We searched the literature without time restriction. Searches were conducted using the keywords Dependency, Herb, Methamphetamine, Toxicity, poison, natural and extract. More than 300 articles were found and 42 related articles were added. No human studies such as case reports or clinical trials, were found. Results Ginseng Ginseng is usually a perennial herb with fleshy roots that belongs to the Araliaceae family. This popular herb grows widely in America and more tropical areas, especially, east of Asia and oriental countries. Over many years, in traditional medicine, ginseng roots have been used as anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, antianxiety, anti-fatigue, anti-depressant, and memory enhancer, and for improvement of physical and sexual activities (Lacaille-Dubois and Wagner, 1996 ?). Ginseng prevented the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in rodents (Kim et al., 2005 ?; Tokuyama and Takahashi, 2001 ?). It also reduced morphine-, cocaine-, and METH-induced RT (Tokuyama and Takahashi, 2001 ?). In addition, ginseng reduced METH- and cocaine-induced hyperstimulation even after 30 days of discontinuation (Tokuyama et al., 1996 ?). In recent years, scientists have investigated the ability of secondary metabolites from ginseng to ameliorate the METH adverse effect (Table 1). Table 1 Summarized effects of ginseng on methamphetamine adverse effects. All experiences were performed in mice Kim (Kim et al.)RTGTS (100 or 200 mg/kg, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg) other dayReduced by 200 mg/kg GTS but not by 100 mg/Kg GTSDRS hypothermic response to AP24 hours after RT received AP (1 mg/ kg) repeated every 30 min (4 mg/kg)Inhibited by 200 mg/kg GTS, but not by 100 mg/kg GTSEnhanced ambulatory activity of AP Reduced by 200 mg/kg GTS but not by 100 mg/Kg GTSKim (Kim et al., 1996 ?)MIHGTS (100 or 200 mg/kg, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg) Reduced by 200 mg/kg GTS but not by 100 mg/Kg GTSCPPGTS (50 or 100 mg/kg, IP, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg) Reduced by 100 mg/kg GTS but not by 50 mg/Kg GTSDRS24 hours after CPP received AP (2 mg/kg, SC)Reduced by 100 mg/kg GTS but not by 50 mg/Kg GTSAP induced climbing behavior GTS (50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP, PrT) + AP (2 mg/kg)Reduced by 200 and 100 mg/kg GTS but not by 50 mg/Kg GTSOh (Oh et al., 1997 ?)Strial DA, DOPAC, Fosfructose trisodium HVA GTS (50 and 100 mg/kg, IP, PrT, 2 times) + METH (10 mg/kg, 4 times)Restored catecholamines depletion, 100 mg/kg was more potent than 50 mg/kgKim (Kim et al., 1998 ?)MIHRb1 or Rg1 (50, 100 and Fosfructose trisodium 200 mg/kg, IP, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg IP)Reduced by 100 and 200 mg/kg; not by 50 mg/kg CPPRb1 or Rg1 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, IP, PrT) + METH (2 mg/kg IP)Reduced by 100 mg/kg; not by lower dosesDRS24 hours after CPP received AP (2 mg/ kg) Reduced by 100 mg/kg ; not by lower doses Open in a separate window AP=apomorphine, CPP=conditional place performance, DA=dopamine, DOPAC=3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, GTS=ginseng total saponin, HVA=homovanillinic acid, METH=methamphetamine, MIH=methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, PrT=pretreatment, and RT=reverence tolerance. Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11) is an ocotillol-type saponin found in extract inhibited development of RT and reappearance of behavioral sensitization to METH and cocaine, which are known as common effects of psychostimulants (Kim et al., 2005 ?). Active compounds of ginseng have also shown similar effects. For example, it was exhibited that ginseng total saponin (GTS) inhibited METH-induced hyperlocomotion, CPP and RT, in rats and mice (Kim et al., 2005 ?; Kim et al., 1996 ?; Tokuyama and Takahashi, 2001 ?). However, administration of GTS alone had no effect on.