Unfortunately, the current study could not handle the controversy because very few children had helminthic infections, due to frequent treatment with albendazole via the mass drug administration (MDA) program conducted by the Ministry of Health and other random health campaigns. infections (p = 0.0026). Conclusion Antibody levels to EBA175 were significantly higher in children co-infected with malaria and compared to children infected with malaria alone. It is important to further investigate why and how the presence of these protozoans might modulate the immune response to malaria antigens. Introduction In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria caused by (Pf) remains an important public health threat, killing over 271,000 children under the age of five each year [1]. In malaria endemic areas, individuals exposed to malaria infections gradually develop clinical immunity [2] and generally experience asymptomatic infections without fever or symptoms and do not require antimalarial treatment. Asymptomatic contamination results from partial immunity that controls, but does not completely eliminate, malaria parasites, thus allowing for constant presence Cinchophen of circulating parasites [2]. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children is fairly constant across sub-Saharan Africa with an average prevalence of 26% [3,4]. In Cameroon, the prevalence CCNG1 in children less than 18 years is usually 26.8% [5], while that for the general population is more than 28% The major intestinal parasites are and complex [6C8], but many cases of intestinal parasites go undetected. Co-infections with malaria and intestinal parasites (IP) are common in malaria endemic areas in sub-Saharan Africa [7,8] and infections with IP and Pf are both ranked among the major cause of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies conducted on IP (intestinal helminths) and Pf have shown conflicting results. Some helminths suppress different T-helper types and favor an increase in regulatory T (Treg) cell [9]. Studies on concomitant infections in humans suggest that Cinchophen contamination may protect against cerebral malaria [10,11], while other studies suggest that children infected by more susceptible to infections and develop acute malaria episodes [12,13]. Also, it has been shown that this levels of TNF-, IL-2, IL-10, IL-6 in or IP alone [15]. Hence, infections with intestinal helminths can stifle protective anti-plasmodial antibody responses [15]. However, increase in MSP3 IgG1C4 levels were significantly associated with children infected with malaria alone compared to children co-infected with both parasites [15]. Malaria and other intestinal parasites overlap extensively in their epidemiological distributions Cinchophen causing polyparasitism. Polyparasitism with intestinal parasites has been reported as one of the contributing factors to hypo-responsiveness [16], dampening of the immune response by inducing a strong Treg response, which could in turn, blunt a strong response to vaccines [17]. Equally, some studies have suggested an effect of IP on antibody responses to gametocyte antigens that may have effects on transmission-blocking immunity [18]. Effective removal and future eradication of malaria will require not only vector control, but also managing asymptomatic malaria patients and developing an effective vaccine. Given the high burden and concomitant nature of both malaria and intestinal parasites in the same geographical setting, it has been suggested that polyparasitism might interfere with the efficacy of future malaria vaccines [19]. To our knowledge, since limited information is usually available on whether and how co-infections of intestinal parasites and malaria impact the specific immune response to malaria antigens [20], the goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence and relationship between co-infections of malaria (MAL+) and intestinal parasites (IP+) (infections with protozoans and/or helminths) on naturally acquired antibodies to malaria merozoite, as they are one of the main target Cinchophen sites for most vaccine candidates under clinical trials. Methods Ethical concern Ethical clearance utilized for the study was obtained from the Cameroon National Ethics Committee (IRB approval: No2016/12/845/CE/CNERSH/SP). Administrative authorizations were obtained from government bodies of the Ngali II and Mfou health districts (023/UYI/BTC/2016). Participation in the study was voluntary with a written (English and French) informed consents obtained from parents of all participants after a clear explanation. A clinical examination was performed for all those eligible participants by a medical doctor. All participants positive for any and Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) pan-specific to spp. (P. and coupled at 0.2 g per million beads, recombinant EBA-175 RII expressed in yeast coupled at 2.5 g per million beads, recombinant MSP-3 C-terminal region expressed in coupled at 5 g per million beads and recombinant MSP-2 (FC27 strain) coupled at 1 g per million beads [23]. The multiplex immunoassay Plasma samples were tested for antibodies to Cinchophen the merozoite antigens using a multi-analyte platform.